Cyber Language Research Script

Now I am going to introduce the cyber language which is used by foreigners. English cyber language usually comes from online games, video games and general pop cultural, like movie, youtube video clips, and so on. People usually take the first alphabet of the words in a phrase and combine them into a new word. And these are some of the examples of acronym. They are commonly use all over the world. I think these examples you all may be familiar with, so now I am going to introduce some not so familiar examples. LOL is obviously a example of acronym, which is a short form of laughing out loud.People take each word’s first alphabet to create LOL. And for ‘he’s 404’ means he is clueless. This word includes coinage and ideogram. For coinage, usually when a web page cannot be found, then the internet will pop up a 404 web page to inform you. Therefore when we cannot find someone, we can call him 404. And for ideogram, people instead of saying directly he’s clueless, they refer to the picture of the web site 404, so it is a ideogram. The next one is ASAIK. ASAIK means ‘as soon as I know’. It is also an example of acronym. It is a short form of the phrase as soon as I know.And for the next example, it is easy to know what it means. It means see ya. It includes compounding, because it is combined with 2 words, see and ya. And also the letter C is a homophone of the word see. They both pronounce in the same pronunciation. At the same time, it also includes syllabic writing system and rebus writing system. It is a syllabic writing system, because C represents /si:/ to replsce see /si:/ ,so is syllabic writng At last, it includes rebus writing system, because it uses another word with the same sound to replace it.The word see is replaced by the letter C, and the you is replaced by YA. And at last, this word means night. It includes syllabic writing system, the nine : /nain/ replace nigh /nai/. And it sticks with the letter â⠂¬Ëœt’, which is an alphabetic writing system. Also it is same as CYA, it also includes rebus writing system. The sound nigh is replaced by a word which is similar its sound, nine. Emoticons is a pictographic writing. It use different kinds of punctuation to form a facial expression.This emoticons are usually use in computers, mobile and also other communicating devices and forum. These emoticons can express our feelings even more direct, sometimes it is better than using words to express our feelings. And also these emoticons can help us to save time. For example, if we want to express we are so happy, instead of typing alphabets, we type the punctuations into a smiley face, it would save a lot more time. Type happy, we need to type 5 alphabets, but a smiley face, only needs 2 punctuation, and that’s it.Therefore it really save time form typing words. Because of the efficiency of emoticons, it is now a trend all over the world, and among all the countries, japan is on e of the countries which use emoticons the most. And here are the examples of emoticons. We can see that there are a lot of emoticons to express different kinds emtions. Taiwanese and mainlanders may also miscommunicate throughout a conversation, although they share the same language,Putonghua. The miscommunicate is because of their cultures, each one develop their own kinds of words into their language e. . (1) Taiwanese may use ‘ ‘ to express you are so annoying. But when the mainlanders saw this, they may misunderstand as you are such a motorbike. It would be a totally different ecplanation. And there is also another e. g. (2)mainlanders may use ‘? ‘ to mean being frightened. But in Taiwan, it reminds people that the post in the forum would disclose a play's information. So they use the same word, but the meaning of the word ’? ’ means differently to different culture and nation.

Cricket and Politics Essay

In South Asia during 1880-2005 politics gained an unusual bedfellow. Cricket was introduced to India by Great Britain for a purpose that was widely discussed. Some believed cricket brought their people together and unified different castes and cultures within India and Britain, some believed the sport was just another way for the British to rule over India and appear superior, and others criticized the religious nature present in many of the tournaments. This issue could be better understood by including an article by a British commoner who participated in the Quadrangular Tournament to make it evident that they really did want to spread religion and it wasn’t an overreaction by the Hindus or Muslims. It would also be conducive to include an article written by an Indian ruling elite who was the main source of any sort of political power or political relations with British elites so the reader can get a greater understanding of the actual role of cricket in politics and to experience if there were any conflicts over the solve issue of cricket during political debates. To begin with, there were those individuals that believed cricket was a unifying force and was purposeful in bringing everyone together to just play a sport. These people had little commentary on any relation cricket could have had to politics whether there was a huge relation or not. In document 3, an English cricketer tells how he believes cricket has a huge effect on the colonization of Britain. He says how cricket has the power to unite â€Å"the rulers and the ruled† and that it provides many different values to its players. In document 4, an Indian social reformer tells of a situation where a group of upper-caste cricket players allowed a low-caste player onto their Hindu team and how the sport of cricket has really played a huge role in the unification of the Indian people. Since the author of this document is a social reformer for the Indian newspaper they would want to show that they are of course doing their job as a reformer and putting out effective reforms. This could have been a type of reform that was forced on the upper-caste members to allow new members of different castes into their teams. They also wanted to show Indians that their country looked good and was respected in that they said, â€Å"let India cease to be the laughing stock of the whole world. † In document 5, another point of view is shown that clearly demonstrates how cricket gives a brotherly feel to those who participate even if they are of different religions. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first leader of Pakistan and writes how Muslims should be rejoiced when winning championships of cricket. He uses absolute speech here showing he clearly has a side as to which team needs to be brotherly toward the other. Saying the Muslims will definitely win the tournament makes it evident that they are not brotherly at all and that in fact one is clearly trying to rise above the other. In document 10, a very indecisive chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board leaps back and forth between whether the cricket games should lead to war or whether it brings people together. He clearly talks of India and Pakistan as two different people and places. He also probably had to be extremely careful with his words due to the fact that this was an interview and words could be twisted. This could have been why he was jumping back and for with his opinions and had a very scattered and unclear opinion. In addition, there were those who looked at cricket as a way for British to rule over India even more and expand the cloud of influence they had over Indian affairs. In document 2, a picture and caption is shown of the Prince of India that was shown in the London newspaper. This picture depicts the Prince having a relaxing time playing cricket in a proposed visit to England, it should be taken into account that the trip has not been taken yet. The paper speaks on his behalf saying he is thrilled to be joining the English players and that the team, in turn was excited to receive him. In document 1, the Indian cricket players signed a petition and sent it to the governor of Bombay, India. The petition was asking for the Indian cricket team’s fields back that were using it for polo. This was tearing up the fields and destroying them for the cricket team. Since the team contacted the governor it shows that this was a political issue and that the sport was becoming a matter of the government. It also shows that the British had dominant control on what happened on the field and that they had first pick. Since British ruled India, this was just another advantage they had over India. The author could have also been trying to make cricket look like a more important sport than polo so that they could get their field back. In document 6, an Indian Natore XI cricket club supporter writes an article for their monthly magazine. Of course, since he is writing the article for the Natore XI he is bound to speak very highly of the club and emphasize his want for them to have their equality against the English cricket teams especially during the years of 1925-1926 when tensions could have been assumed to be high in India and Britain as India was pushing for independence. Finally, Indians and Pakistanis were angered by the continued involvement of religion in the cricket games during post-independence times. In document 7, the Indian sports journal, complains about increased involvement of religion in the Quadrangular cricket tournaments. The editorial complains that religious fanaticism is resent at games and that this has disturbed the peace but at the same time, the author refers to the field as sacred bringing a religious vibe into their own writing. British and Indian religions were very different and the author could have been supporting Indian religion because their audience was mainly Hindu or Muslim and not the British religion of either Christian or Catholic. In document 8, Gandhi, an independence leader, speaks strongly of the Quadrangular tournaments and how he agrees that they should be stopped due to the religious issues. Gandhi supported peace and wanted independence for India but most likely did not want to see it be done this way. He supported the Hindu’s and spoke of how Colleges and Institutions should be playing against each other and not religions. Gandhi does not address the political nature of cricket and tells of sportsmanship which was never really present in cricket. In document 9, a Hindu nationalist is quoted in the newspaper Muslim India and speaks of how it is not right that the Muslim Indians are not cheering for their own country but instead for Pakistanis because they are Muslim. This shows more religious involvement in the games making it evident that it’s not about the game of cricket but more about who it is getting ahead and what religion wins. The nationalist could be trying to encourage the Indian Muslims to have more pride for their country and be shaming them into supporting the Indians instead of the Pakistanis. In conclusion, cricket was a huge factor in politics and had many different point of views on how it impacted life in India and Britain. Some were shaken by the political and religious nature and others felt it was a great way to bring people together whether rich or poor. In all, cricket was more than just a game and greatly impacted British and Indian/Pakistani relationships.

North Korean Authoritative Government Essay

In this paper, I will attempt to explain why authoritarianism regimes such as the one in North Korea, still continues to govern even though the government is one of the more corrupted types of government still in existence today. The word authoritarianism is defined as, â€Å"a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc. )†(Word Net) There are currently many countries in our world that are not democratic societies. There are authoritarian regimes that still exist today. Probably one of the more well known authoritarian regimes is the government in North Korea. North Korea gained its independence from Japan in the year 1945. Kim Jong Il is currently the leader of North Korea. The mismanagement of economics through the 1990’s has made North Korea rely heavily on international aid to feed its population. North Korea has expanded their resources to help develop a military of about one million soldiers. Central Intelligence Agency) â€Å"North Korea’s long-range missile development, as well as its nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons programs and massive conventional armed forces, are of major concern to the international community. † (Central Intelligence Agency) The government in North Korea is a big part to blame for the economic struggles. In President Bush’s first State of the Union Speech he declared North Korea as part of the â€Å"Axis of Evil. † President Bush also went on to say his goal was, â€Å"†to prevent regimes that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends with weapons of mass destruction. He singled out Iraq, Iran and North Korea, claiming these states â€Å"and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil arming to threaten the peace of the world. † (Fact Sheet) â€Å"The United States must act against these regimes by denying them the â€Å"materials, technology and expertise† to make nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and provide them to terrorists, Bush said. † (Fact Sheet) North Korea is currently a communist-state one-man dictatorship. Under a communist-state one-man dictatorship elections are held but there is nobody to run against the leader. For instance in September of 2003 there was an election held in North Korea. Kim Jong Il and Kim Yong Nam were the only nominees for the positions and nobody opposed them. (Central Intelligence Agency) The government controls the people. The government rules a lot of what the people of North Korea can do or say. For the executive branch in this country, Kim Jong Il has been the ruler since July of 1994. Kim Yong Nam is the president of its Presidium and he also has the responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic credentials. Central Intelligence Agency) As for the legislative branch, the ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition, but some seats are held by minor parties. (Central Intelligence Agency) The judicial branch of North Korea consists of a central court, and the judges are elected by the Supreme People’s Assembly. The way this government is set up is very different than the way the democratic states are set up. In a democratic society the people get to vote for leaders and high ranking officials. While in these authoritarianistic regimes, the people have no say in who is going to run their country. There have been many North Koreans that have tried to escape either to China or South Korea. Few people have made it across the boarders safely. However, if they fail to escape and they are captured by the North Korean military they will be tortured or even executed in some cases. (Pearson Education) â€Å"North Korea, one of the world’s most secretive societies, has been accused of egregious human-rights violations, including summary executions, torture, inhumane conditions in prison camps, which hold up to 200,000 prisoners, and denial of freedom of expression and movement. Access to the country is strictly limited and North Korea’s domestic media is tightly controlled, making it difficult to substantiate the accusations. † (Pearson Education) I believe a huge part of why North Korea is actually still in existence is because the military has so much control on the people. Of course no country wants to start a war with North Korea because of their military strength and their nuclear weapons. â€Å"A number of stabilizing elements assist the regime’s efforts to maintain internal order. The society seems united in popular support for the party, and the people have a strong sense of national pride. Kim Il Sung, by all indications, truly is admired and supported by the general population. † (Federal Research Division Library of Congress: Pg 275) It is difficult for people that are from a democratic government to actually understand why authoritarianism governments work. Most all of the authoritarianism governments that I know have a strong following from their people. Whether the masses like the leader because he is helping the economy or helping a food shortage situation is another story. Personally I think these people in these countries are so afraid of what the leader might do to them or their family that they just do what they are told. Of course these people have never had it any other way. They don’t know what it is like to have a democracy. They don’t know what it is like to voice their opinion. The people in North Korea didn’t get to choose where they wanted to be born. If we had a free world I’m sure when some of those people realized that there are better governments in the world that won’t control your every move then they would leave the country. It is just not that easy for anyone to just get up and go to China or South Korea. People born into democratic societies should be thankful that they can enjoy the freedoms that they have, because there are other parts of the world where the idea of having rights is completely out of their control. There is no possible way the people can over throw the government in North Korea. North Korea has too strong of a military. One way the government will get overthrown is if it is done internally. The second way it will get overthrown is if they go to war with another country and they lose their power. â€Å"Indeed, research on Korean communism has become the pursuit of an avocation, meandering off the mainstream of contemporary social science. Most students of Korean communism have come under the influence, in varying degrees, of the lingering legacy of Kremlinology and the advancing model of Chinese studies. Following the general lines of development in Chinese studies in the 1960s and 1970s, research on Korean communism has shown an uneven advancement. On balance, research and knowledge concerning North Korea’s domestic politics and economy have developed more rapidly and significantly than the study of its foreign policy, which has remained neglected and underdeveloped. (Kim Pg:282) The economy in North Korea is struggling. Due to flooding and the lack of arable land, the people in North Korea are at a food shortage. Massive amounts of international food aid have allowed people of North Korea not to starve. Central Intelligence Agency) Mal-nutrition and poor living conditions still exist heavily in North Korea. As with everything else in the country, the government has the right to control the food and economic conditions. The religions that are practiced in this authoritarianism government are traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, with some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way. ) â€Å"Autonomous religions activities now are almost nonexistent; government sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom. (Central Intelligence Agency) Like other authoritarianistic governments such as Cuba, Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq until not to long ago, the regimes will last until somebody does something about it. The United States ended the authoritarianism regime in Iraq because we had enough military power to overtake Sadaam Hussein. The U. S. troops are still over in Iraq trying to force the Iraqi people into having a democracy. The Iraqi people that have voted so far on the new leader of their country is not a man that the United States wants t o have them run their country. Sadaam Hussein would still be in power and have complete control of Iraq if the United States didn’t take him out of power. The military balance in South Korea is much stronger then North Korea. In case of another North Korean invasion, the South Korean military only has about 600,000 people while the north has around one million. However these numbers are misleading because of the fact that these numbers don’t include the superior training, equipment, and logistical support that the south has. Kang: Pg 262) â€Å"The South has outspent the North on defense in the last 15 years, if not longer. † (Kang: Pg 262) North Korea’s nuclear threats are a grave concern for South Korea and the rest of the world. The Soviets were building bombs in the 1950’s and China developed a nuclear bomb in the early 1960’s. North Korea didn’t start trying to assemble nuclear weapons until South Korea became a threat to them because they were overtaking North Korea in a lot of areas during the 1970’s. Kang: Pg 266) â€Å"North Korea’s significance to the world with a bomb is much greater than without a bomb. † (Kang: Pg 266)In conclusion, there are many reasons why the authoritarianism regime in North Korea is still up and running to this day. There is simply no way that anyone can overthrow the government unless it is done internally. The people located in these authoritarianism regimes usually like the leader, and agree to what he says. These people didn’t choose where they wanted to be born just like nobody in a democratic state had an opinion as to where they would like to be born. It is sad that most all of the money spent in North Korea is aimed toward building up a better military and not helping out with the economy or the food shortages. The only way these people know how to live is to be ruled by a dictator. Until the United States or some other world power takes down North Korea, the authoritarianism regime will continue to govern.

Development in the English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Development in the English Language - Essay Example The essay "Change and Development in the English Language" talks about the various socio-historical influences on the development of the Old English such as the separation of the land from the Continental influences, conversion of the English to Christianity, the assimilation of the Scandinavian colonizers on the English language, the veritable beehive of scholarly activity in England following its conversion to Christianity in the sixth century etc had pertinent linguistic effects which contributed to the development of Old English.In the development of the Old English, there were several socio-historical elements which influenced the linguistic progress of the language. The advent of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians in the British Island in the year 449 proved to be a major event in the history of the land and the language. They occupied Great Britain and converted the major population of the land to English speakers. The following separation of the land and language of the Old English from the influences of other Continental nations and languages helped in the development of a distinctive language in Great Britain. The external influence on this language cannot be ignored. It is of paramount relevance that the conversion of the English to Christianity was one of the major socio-historical influences that shaped Old English. Christianity introduced the influence of Latin on Old English and the linking of the English culture with mainstream Europe through the Synod of Whitby.

Environmental Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Environmental Economics - Essay Example To a great extent, this has impacted on the quality of life of the population. The market economy has various implications on the general wellbeing of the environment. Relative effects are both negative and positive. Although negative effects are apparent in the short run, positive effects are more pronounced. It is against this background that this paper reviews the impacts of the market economy on environmental protection. To enhance a harmonic view, it begins by reviewing the negative effects and then proceeds to evaluating the positive effects. The market decisions place emphasis on increased production. According to Morgen, Pizer and Shih (1998), increased economic production implies an increase in production of wastes. This contributes to environmental pollution and resource depletion. Although incomes are likely to rise, environmental protection remains at risk. Under-valuation of natural resources has made it difficult for the environmental damages to be addressed effectively . The profits that firms and producers enjoy are not reflective of the environmental damages that production processes impose on the environment. In this consideration, market decisions compromise the wellbeing of the environment. In his research, Kolstad (2010) indicates that the market economy has had significant negative effects on the holistic wellbeing of the environment. ... Ideally, the environmental and naturally resources are considered public property (Harrington, Morgenstern & Nelson, 1999). For this reason, nobody takes responsibility for the negative effects that they suffer. It is contented that waste of important natural resources and resultant environmental destruction dis-economises the society. From an economic point of view, this undesirable status has the ability to reduce the marginal cost of economic firms and instead increase the consumer’s marginal utility. Thus market economy does not have the ability to address the various concerns that are related to resource sustainability. While the environment places emphasis on the need for resources to benefit future generations, market economy considers the benefits of the environment to present populations only. In this respect, market decisions greatly harm environmental wellbeing and undermine its protection. Besides the preceding negative effects, market decisions also promote enviro nmental protection in different ways. Notably, the government has a stake in market decision making. Relative environmental departments push for formulation and implementation of environmental regulation. Its provisions require that individuals and firms who engage in environmental pollution and destruction be punished accordingly. Stringent laws can culminate in investment in environment protection by economic firms. In addition, respective firms assume environmentally sound practices in order to prevent the economic losses that are associated with violation of environmental protection laws (Lomborg, 2001). Seemingly, decision making under the market economy is done by the government in collaboration with

Evaluation Methods Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluation Methods - Coursework Example t will first provide a brief overview of evaluation design and methodology followed by discussing the importance of strategic questioning, interview techniques, and evaluation design. Eventually, the student will examine the different types of research evaluation designs and methodologies by comparing and contrasting each of the widely used research evaluation and methodologies. Based on the scope and limitation of each research evaluation design and methodology, the type of research study wherein each of the research evaluation design and methodology is proven to be effective will be discussed prior to the conclusion. There are a lot of evaluation design and methodology to consider when conducting a research work. In order to develop a good research study, the researcher should be able to effectively mix-and-match the methodological designs which can either be (1) experimental; (2) quasi-experimental; or (3) non-experimental evaluation with the use of either descriptive, normative, or causal methodological approaches (Grosshans & Chelimsky, 1991); together with the different available evaluation approaches like: (1) theory-based; (2) goal free; or (3) constructivist. (Weiss, 2005) When conducting a sample survey, researcher may chose from evaluation designs like cross-sectional or panel. (Grosshans & Chelimsky, 1991) Depending on the main goal of the researcher, other approaches like quantitative, qualitative methods or both can be used when conducting a sample survey. In general, the type of evaluation design and methodology used in a research study is highly dependent on the main purpose of the study. (Rutman, 1980) For example: A quasi-experimentation design and analysis is highly recommended for field settings. (Campbell & Cook, 1979: p. 405) Other types of evaluation design suitable for field experiment includes: (1) true experiment – also known as the experimental approach; (2) non-equivalent comparison group; or (3) time-series. (Grosshans &

Asian Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Asian Philosophy - Essay Example The T’ien-t’ai school was founded on the Lotus Sutra as interpreted by Chih-k’ai who was a Chinese monk in the sixth century. The T’ien-t’ai school was doctrinal and is portrayed by its stress on reflection in addition to philosophical substance. It viewed the Lotus Sutra as holding the paths for deliverance through practice. It hence was a connection between the dominant Northern Chinese progress of Buddhism as a religion of conviction and discipline and the southern scholastic tradition (ibid). The Hua-yen school was based on the Indian Avitamsaka Scripture. The primary principle of the school is dharmadatu, the general causation of the dimension of the law. The dimension of the law is the dimension of the whole universe in all domains. The philosophical development of general causation was natively Chinese. It was an expansion of the Buddha’s account of dependant beginning so as to explain the emergence of the universe as synchronized (Lai, 2007). Ch’an emphasized on dhyana or deliberation. Deliberation was a general practice in all kind of Buddhism, Chinese and Indian. Numerous of the initial texts interpreted into Chinese were because of the enthusiasm of the Chinese intelligentsia and several Taoist’s appreciation of deliberation. Nevertheless, numerous of these texts were difficult and occasionally conflicting which resulted in to a definite exposure in Chinese practice (ibid). The Pure Land School was above all conviction based and devotional in custom. Its focus was on faith in Amitabha Buddha. The foremost form of custom was in dedication and calling the name of Amitabha so as to acquire his deliverance and hence rebirth in the pure land of the west. This school substantially abandoned the essentiality for self-improvement through the Buddha’s principles of the path to salvation (Peach, 2002). If I were to choose among the four schools of Buddhism, I will prefer Pure Land Buddhism because its

Exploring Community Health Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exploring Community Health Nursing - Assignment Example On the other hand, the concept of health is broadly defines as a state of well being that results from the harmonious interactions of the body, soul and the mind. Therefore the term community health is defined by meeting the particular needs and wants of a community by identifying the problems they face and managing the interactions within the community (Cradduck, 2000). The community health nurses are generally primary health care providers in various places often working in an expanded role in conjunction with other medical care professionals. In addition to homecare, public and community health care service, community health nurses provide treatment and emergency care services, x-rays and crisis management within the community. Their main purpose is to provide community health promotion services in a specific community in accordance with the philosophy and objectives of the authority and to promote the prevention of diseases, maintain health and the overall health as well as wellb eing of the community. This paper therefore seeks to have an insight on the nature, scope and role of community health nursing, and an analysis of the impact of Public Health Care and the Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards. Community health nurses play a pivotal role in the community as far as health provision is concerned. They may extend these services to within the health centre, schools, community halls or in patient homes, especially the elderly and are intended to provide a healthy way of living whilst reducing the incidences of death and diseases significantly. Community health nursing services may be provided either on an individual basis or a multi disciplinary team. Mostly they work in cross boundary teams to effectively provide sufficient health care to the society. They work with individuals, families, populations, groups, systems and/or society, with the focus being the health of a person or community and from which motivations nursing actions flow. The nursing standards of practice are applied in different settings where people work, live, play, learn and even worship (Warren et al, 2012). This involves working with a diverse array of people who have different backgrounds. For example, they may work with children (infants, school age and adolescents), children with long term disabilities, families, pregnant women, elderly people whose health is deteriorating, individuals with chronic diseases, disadvantages individuals or groups as well as community organizations such as schools, churches and social services agencies. Community health nurses therefore need to have a broad perspective of the roles they play within the community as regards health provision and promotion. In order to perform their tasks in the most professional way CHN need to posses some characteristics and attributes that are useful especially in the field. These attributes assist the nurses to identify and manage any health hazards while containing problems that are exis tent. Therefore they need to be very flexible and be highly adaptable to the different environments. This is because the environments keep changing as well as the pandemics that strike. This calls for nurses with physical and emotional stamina, good communication skills, problem solving skills as well as critical thinking abilities (Goottschalk, 2000). Another characteristic that is crucial is the ability to motivate as well as supervise

Croatia the Presentation of the Countrys Main Policies and Domains Essay

Croatia the Presentation of the Countrys Main Policies and Domains - Essay Example These two regions extend over the rough Adriatic coast. Its central regions contain densely wooded mountains in Lika and Gorski Kotar which are part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range (Croatia officially the Republic of Croatia). The Northeast region comprises of fertile agricultural land, and cattle breeding constitutes an important economic activity. Fruits are produced in the central mountain belt; and Istria and Dalmatia produce grapes and olives, in abundance. Croatia’s major industries are food processing, wine, textiles, chemicals, petroleum and natural gas. It is a parliamentary republic with a unicameral legislature. The head of the Croatian state is the President and the Prime Minister is the head of the government (Croatia officially the Republic of Croatia). In the 7th century AD, the southern Slavic people migrated to Croatia, where they formed a dukedom, under Charlemagne’s rule in the 8th century AD. In the 10th century, they converted to Christianity and established their own kingdom. Croatia remained an independent state, under the ruling of native kings. In 1102 AD, Croatia came under Hungarian rule. However, institutions of the Croatians survived even under the rule of the Hungarian dynasty. Gradually, its territory was relocated and moved towards the north and west. In 1420, its Dalmatia region was appropriated by Venice. The conquests of the Ottoman Empire further reduced its territory, in the 16th century (Croatia officially the Republic of Croatia). In the same period, the Austrian Habsburgs occupied the remaining area of Croatia and brought it under their rule. In 1867 Croatia became part of the Austro – Hungarian Empire. Its major regions Dalmatia and Istria were ruled by Vienna and Croatia – Slavonia. In 1918, after Austria – Hungary was defeated in the First World War; Croatia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes by merging with southern Slavic territories.  Ã‚  

Is Competition Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Competition Good - Essay Example In any case to adequately support competition, authorities must comprehend when competition itself is the issues reason, not its cure. Market competition, while hurting a few members, frequently profits public opinion. Anyhow does competition dependably profit public opinion? (Stucke, 2103) In business, competition prompts innovation. If youre the player in your field, it could be troublesome to progress. And in case youre working in a packed business, you wont succeed by doing what other a person does. Sound competition supports change which will recognize your organization from others through technology, item adjustments or by enhancing the client experience. (Forbes, 2014). Moreover, customer services are enhanced due to competition because as one of a few organizations offering a comparable item, an organization is compelled to vie for clients. Enhancing client administration enhances the chances of customer retention. (Forbes, 2014). Competition also shakes off complacency. In the event that an association is reliably attempting to advance and better itself, their workers will be urged to inspire themselves. (Forbes, 2014). Competition encourages an organization to concentrate on their core customer and target audiences. On the off chance that an organization is f ocusing on a particular geological area or demographic, market challengers sway them to better understand that setting. In doing in this way, they will have the capacity to better accommodate that target demographic/setting. (Forbes, 2014). Seeing what one’s rivals do well can show you things about one’s own business. Their practices may well furnish an organization with profitable knowledge into the state of the business sector, and help demonstrate to them; what works – and what does*3not. (Forbes, 2014) The Late Franklin D. Roosevelt once said: â€Å"Competition has been shown to be useful up to a certain point and no further, but

LO 1. Understand the difference between personnel management and human Essay

LO 1. Understand the difference between personnel management and human resource management LO 2. Understand how to recruit emp - Essay Example LO. 1 Understand the Difference between Personnel Management and Human-Resource Management Personnel management Personnel management is defined as: 1. obtaining, 2. maintaining, and 3. Utilizing the satisfied workforce The objective of personnel management is to achieve the mission and vision statements of the organization. Personnel management is a paramount pat of the management, which is mainly concerned with the employees as well as their relationships with the organization. It is paramount to note that personnel management is mainly administrative in nature whereby it deals employees, the employment laws and their payroll among other administrative functions. Personnel management is considered reactive since it offers demands and concerns as they are presented whereas from a motivational concept, it mainly tends to only motivate the employees through bonuses, compensations and rewards. Notable human resources management have defined personnel management as the process of: organi zing, planning, integration, maintenance, and Compensation of the employees. The fundamental purpose of this process is o effectively contribute to: societal, individual and Organizational goals. Goals of the Personnel Management 1. ... To create effective inter-personal relations at the same time developing a sense of responsiveness and responsibility amongst the employees and the workers. Personnel management adopts the best conceivable methods or techniques in order to bring the best possible developments of the employees on work by cooperation between capital and labor (Randhawa, 2007). Human Resource Management Human-resource management is the fundamental function within an organization that mainly focuses on management, recruitment as well as offering directions to the employees in order for them to achieve the organizations' objectives. The line managers can perform these functions since nowadays; human-resource management courses are an integral part of the line managers’ training. Human-resource management is an organizational role that deals widely with: hiring, safety, wellness, performance management, compensation, employees’ motivation, administration, communication, and Training. Human-re source management is a strategic approach that manages employees as well as the workplace environment and culture. Effective human-resource management plays a fundamental function in ensuring that an employee can contribute productively and effectively to the organizations’ overall directions and be able to achieve the organization’s objectives and goals. Human-resource management involves shifting away from the old traditional transactional, administration and personal roles. Currently, a human-resource manager is fully expected to add value, especially to the strategic utilization of the employees and to ensure that the various employee programs have a direct impact on the business in measurable ways. Some of the latest

Technology Makes the World Smaller Essay Example for Free

Technology Makes the World Smaller Essay Technology Make the World Smaller Office 2004 Test Drive User Table of Contents Commerce 4 Dell6 Ebay 7 E-cash8 Work Cited11 Footnotes12 Technology Makes the World Smaller The international marketplace is changing very fast every day. E-commerce and E-Business is now one of the standard ways to do business. The Internet has opened up vast opportunities for business to tap into new markets all over the world. The use of the Internet removes all geographical constraints, permits the instant establishment of virtual branches throughout the world, and allows direct and immediate foreign market entry to the smallest of businesses to the biggest. As the economy is becoming more global in nature, companies are handling more business on an international level. When comparing traditional business to e-business, one can see several differences between the two. The most obvious difference when buying standard goods such as a computer or Clothes is the store. When dealing with e-business there is no real store or merchandise to look at. It is all presented through the merchants webpage, or by other electronic means. You will not be able to touch, or feel potential purchases. All you will have to go on is perhaps a picture and a brief description of the item on your computer screen. This is obviously a big change from traditional store where you can walk in physically touch what you plan to purchase. There are several reasons why e-business is appealing to a lot of people. E-business is based on the internet. If you are using the internet, you are not bound by geography. You can access any site, anywhere in the world from the comfort of your own chair. Now the consumer has access to several things they didnt before. Same goes for any type of business on the Web. The consumer and different business now has variety. With the entire internet at your fingers, in a matter of minutes you can browse several stores in several parts of the world without even leaving the comfort of your own home. This allows you to compare prices and products off of different site. With e-business you are not restricted to the prices and products of your local stores. You can easily choose the best price or the best product. You have probably read all of the news stories about the shift to e-commerce and the hype that has developed around e-commerce companies. And you may have actually purchased something on the web, so you have direct personal experience with e-commerce. Still, you may feel like you dont understand e-commerce at all so lets start with the basics. Commerce Before we get into a complete discussion of e-commerce, it is helpful to have a good mental image of plain old commerce first. If you understand commerce, then e-commerce is an easy extension. Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary defines commerce as follows: com. merce n [MF, fr. L commercium, fr. com- + merc-, merx merchandise] (1537) 1: social intercourse: interchange of ideas, opinions, or sentiments 2: the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place 3: sexual intercourse So commerce is, quite simply, the exchange of goods and services, usually for money. You can see that at this high level, commerce is a fairly simple concept. Whether it is something as simple as a person making and selling hotdogs on a street corner or as complex as a Doctor performing heart surgery, all of commerce at its simplest level relies on buyers, sellers and producers. So electronic commerce is just exchange of money for goods and services via electronic means. In other words, electronic commerce is usually when you purchase something off of the Internet. It is often referred to as e-commerce, or e-business. The Internet has revolutionized the businesses of today. Instead of having physical stores, companies can sell their products right off of the Web. To understand it a bit, lets take a look at one of the most successful e-commerce companies Dell. Dell Dell provides a range of technology products, including mobility products, desktop personal computers, software and peripherals, servers and networking, and storage products. Co. s services offerings include infrastructure technology, consulting and applications, and business process services. Co. also provides a range of financing alternatives, asset management services, and other customer financial services for business and consumer customers. Co. s customers include corporate, government, healthcare, and education accounts. Co. conducts its businesses through four reportable segments: Large Enterprise; Public; Small and Medium Business; and Consumer. Dell is a straightforward company that, like Gateway 2000, and a host of others, sells custom configured PCs to consumers and businesses around the world. Dell started as a mail order company that advertised in the back of magazines and sold their computers over the phone. Like the book Direct from Dell explains â€Å"Dells WebPages have enabled Dell computers to reduce their expenditures and become much more efficient in their production and distribution of their computers. Dells success at using the built to order system and internet has enabled them to become a much more efficient manufacturer of computers allowing Dell to maximize profits. Dells e-commerce presence is widely publicized these days because Dell is able to sell so much merchandise over the web. Dell currently sells something like $14,000,000 in equipment every day. 25% of Dells sales is over the web. Simplified e-commerce is what most small businesses and individuals are using to get into e-commerce. In this option the vendor provides a simplified system for creating your store. The system usually involves a set of forms that you fill out online. The vendors software then generates all of the web pages for the store for you. One good examples of this sort of offering is the website â€Å"Ebay†. EBAY Technology has allowed us to form international community with consumers. Not many company’s have done this as well as Ebay who was one of the first but more are popping up such as Amazon. There are very few companies in the world that are as recognizable as eBay. It is the online auction site and stands as one of the top online retailing stores in the world today. Hundreds of millions of people buy and sell merchandise through the eBay website. Few websites, if any, can drive the amount of traffic that eBay gets on an average day. What is more, virtually all of the people visiting eBay intend either to buy or sell goods and they can be neighbors or on opposites sides of the world. Because of this it is the perfect place on the internet to acquire or dispose of merchandise. The ability to display a products or services, and the ability to extend your business hours to 24-7 without a physical presence, and to update information which is seen by the world, immediately is very powerful in reaching global markets. Businesses can now use website like ebay and the internet breaks down logistical barriers, offering greater flexibility and power in the way they do business. It shrinks time and distance, simplifies complex business processes. E-cash Our textbook states that the biggest impact that will effect international business and global customers is E-retailing and financial services. They say the day is just around the corner where we will have â€Å"E-cash† which stands for electronic cash. With the example of prepaid smart cards we can see it’s not to far behind. Today you can buy one of these cards and use them for public calls and transportation and replacing cash. Once we see this type of payment option show up on the internet it will result in global digital cash and customers and business will be able to work on a 24-hr basis. Electronic cash systems offer vast opportunities for the consumer and business. In business transactions, electronic cash allows businesses to verify cash transactions instantly and to covert from one currency to another. This will be a big break through e-cash will be a currency without a country. In consumer to business transactions, it is easier for the customer because there is no need to carry physical currency, and transactions can be made over the internet instantly. EBay creates value by providing a very simple service. It brings people together. To the uninitiated, this may not seem like much. And yet, it is the foundation of a multibillion-dollar, multinational business empire that exerts an influence over the lives of millions of people. An advantage of any new technology as well as the internet is that it amplifies human potential. When electricity, the telephone, the automobile, and the airplane were invented they made the world more accessible to more people. Bussiness and people could now reech further distances. The internet can have the same revolutionary impact individuals and businesses can overcome geographical, cultural and logistical barriers and improve the way they live and work instantly. Because it amplifies our potential in so many ways, its possible that the long-term impact of the Internet could equal that of electricity, the automobile and the telephone. Disadvantages of the new technology and the internets is that it can make work portable. This will allow company’s to contract work overseas to save of coast. Resulting in people loosing jobs to low paid workers in other countries. In Conclusion the development of technology has greatly benefited mostly developed countries in which they were first launched, but because of the internet many other undeveloped countries are not to far behind. The power of the internet has now allowed for people to communicate regardless of where they are in the world weather it is your neighbor living twenty feet away, or some person totally across the world. Work cited Dell, Michael, Catherine Fredman, , and . Direct from Dell. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999. Print. Dell Inc.. Mergent Online. Mergent, 2005. Web. 15 Jun 2010. . Hodgetts, Richard, Fred Luthans, and Jonathan Doh. International Management. 6th. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. 46-48. Print. Footnotes

Reviewing Romeo And Juliet And Their Love Film Studies Essay

Reviewing Romeo And Juliet And Their Love Film Studies Essay Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet during the Elizabethan period in the late sixteenth century. Though we cannot be definitive on the date or year, analysing Shakespeares other work and references made in the text (noticeably made by Juliets Nurse referring to an earthquake occurring 11 years ago), it is likely that Romeo and Juliet was written around 1595. The play is set in the small town of Verona, situated in Italy. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, and this is proven as Shakespeare uses foreshadowing devices early on in the play to show that events are going to blow out of proportion, and the themes of the play shall combine so that the lives of Romeo and Juliet will end in disaster. Shakespeare uses the prologue as an enormous foreshadowing device for the audience to take advantage of. The key elements of the play are almost handed to the audience from the beginning; however, it is up to the audience to fill in the gaps. The opening line of the prologue describes the two families as alike in dignity. The Capulet and Montague families share a similar status in society but Shakespeare informs the audience that the two families have an ancient grudge which plays a major role as civil hands [become] unclean, meaning that fighting between the two families takes place. Throughout the prologue, Shakespeare uses numerous foreshadowing devices like the one mentioned above. One in particular which shares Elizabethan beliefs and superstition is when Shakespeare describes Romeo and Juliet as two star-crossed lovers. This phrase is used to describe a relationship which is doomed from the start. This is particularly clever because people used astrology to judge relationships during the sixteenth century. For this reason, the stars were assumed to be working against Romeo and Juliets relationship in order to bring peace to the feuding families. Furthermore, this connotes the play as a tragedy, and that Romeo and Juliet entered their relationship with little preparation. From the outset of Act 1, Scene 1, Romeo is the topic of conversation between his parents and Benvolio. Shakespeare uses specific language to engage the audiences interest that something is unsettling Romeo. Lady Montague shows her immediate concern by enquiring, Where is Romeo? Benvolio tells her that Romeo was underneath the grove of sycamore before dawn, and when seeing him stole into the covert of the wood. This illustrates that Romeo is feeling melancholic emotions, and that he is sensitive. Romeo is embarrassed that he has been seen mourning, as much still like today, a man would be considered weak to cry. In addition to this, Shakespeare uses pathetic fallacy to show how Romeos feelings are similar to his surroundings. Sycamore derives from Latin, meaning sick of love, which tells the audience that Romeo is love sick, therefore the audience can be sure that Romeo has been rejected by Rosaline. Romeos unwillingness to be caught crying can be reinforced by a comment made by Lord Capulet regarding Romeo augmenting the fresh morning dew, meaning that Romeo went outside in the early morning to grieve, rather than the middle of the day when more people would likely be out. These descriptions of Romeo enable the audience to form an impression of his character, even before he enters the stage Romeo is presented as a melancholy, isolated figure who is trying to cope with the confusion of rejection. Romeo uses oxymoron like feather of lead to describe his confusion as regards to his love for Rosaline. These juxtapositions have branched off Romeos main emotion of loving hate. This oxymoron shows how Romeo feels trapped between two completely different emotions, and that these emotions are feeding off each other, making Romeo feel miserable. In addition to this, Romeo says, Nor ope her lap to saint-seducing gold. As a consequence of this, I believe that Romeo is not truly in love with Rosaline, but is infatuated rather than in love. The audience can tell that Romeo was confident when requesting such an offer to Rosaline because he described himself as saint-seducing gold. In my opinion, this is a very important reason why Romeo fell in love with Juliet so quickly, as he knows his chances with Rosaline were exceptionally low. During the sixteenth century Elizabethan England was a Patriarchal Society, playing a role in every womans life of that time. Juliet is no exception Lord Capulet finds Juliets suitor, and sees no reason why she would object to marriage. Juliet is looking for love, but on the other hand, Lord Capulet wants to find an eligible young man from a wealthy background. This clashing of tastes is a factor which contributes to Juliets death, as she could not marry the man she wanted with freedom from strife. If Romeo and Juliets love affair took place in todays society, Lord Capulet would not have objected to her marrying Romeo, so Juliet and Lord Capulets relationship would have been stronger. To some extent therefore, Shakespeares play reflects aspects of Elizabethan society. Juliets relationship with her mother is also one common to when the play was written. Affluent families would have a nurse, or a servant of some sort to assist them. Juliets nurse acted much like her mother, in the way that she helped her, protected her, and looked after her from the outside world. For this reason, Lady Capulet was able to take a step back so the nurse would intervene. Juliets relationship with her nurse is therefore stronger than with her mother. Romeo has a great deal of freedom compared to Juliet because of the patriarchal views shared by both sets of parents. Romeos parents are more concerned about his feelings, and this is evident in Act 1. Juliets parents have completely different views on how she should be brought up allowing men to make her life changing decisions. Lord Capulet places an excessive amount of pressure on his daughter. Consequently, Juliets life becomes extremely difficult as she takes it into her own hands, making her own decisions. The values and beliefs of this Patriarchal Society were a barrier which Juliet needed to overcome, but unfortunately, she could not. Throughout the play, Shakespeares use of oxymoron indicates that Romeos thoughts are chaotic, and he is thinking differently opposed how he normally would. Cold fire suggests that Romeo is struggling to get his thoughts in order, as cold could not be used to describe fire, which is extremely hot. For this reason, when Shakespeare uses an oxymoron to describe Romeos emotions, the audience can consider Romeos feelings during that time of the play to be of confusion and perplexity. In Act 1, Scene 5 (the Party Scene) Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time and instantly fall in love. Originally, Romeo and Benvolio decided to gatecrash the party in an attempt to see Rosaline, however, Romeo saw Juliet for the first time and his intentions instantly changed from one woman to another. Immediately after seeing Juliet for the first time, Romeo speaks in a soliloquy, describing Juliet as the most beautiful human-being his eyes have ever set upon. Romeo describes Juliet as [hanging] upon the cheek of night. Shakespeare uses this contrast of black and white to show how Romeo believes Juliet to be conspicuously beautiful, a woman to be worshipped. The Party Scene acts as a viewing opportunity for the audience in respects of the dramatic irony used by Shakespeare. We get to watch their love for each other grow throughout the scene, though the Prologue does tell us they are star-crossed lovers, thus are destined to meet, and destined to die. Equally, Romeo and Juliet do not as yet know they belong to rival families until near the end of Act 1, Scene 5. This is so both characters can show their emotions for each other before they may be changed by the rivalry between their families. Nevertheless, when Romeo and Juliet do realise, they both respond similarly. Romeo speaks, Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. He is in a state of shock, much like when Juliet finds out through her nurse a few lines further down My only love sprung from my only hate! This tells us that Juliet does not love Paris, but Romeo, and that she shares the same feelings as Romeo. When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, he speaks deep thoughts, and compares her to only good things. Evaluating Shakespeares choice of language, he wanted Juliet to come across as innocent and untouched. Romeo says, So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows. Here, Shakespeare uses a combination of natural imagery colour symbolism to show Juliets purity. This differs from the choice of language used when Romeo described Rosaline earlier in the play. When speaking about Rosaline, Romeo was confused about his feelings, and found it frustrating. In contrast, when describing Juliet, Shakespeare created positive imagery, and this captured Romeos kind feelings towards Juliet. When Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time, Shakespeare assembles a shared sonnet to show how their intimacy develops so quickly. Within the shared sonnet, Shakespeare combines metaphors and religious imagery to show the intimacy of Romeo and Juliets developing relationship. For example, Romeo says, My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Though here, Romeo appears to be only talking about himself, the use of religious imagery appeals to Juliet because of the time period. Despite this, Romeo calls Juliet a holy shrine, which shows how much he values her. Romeo is comparing Juliet to a goddess in religious context, a woman to be worshipped adored, and Juliet accepts Romeo and they kiss for the first time. Juliet obviously has strong feelings for Romeo, and is not afraid of expressing them to him. When Romeo describes his lips as two blushing pilgrims, Juliet decides to play along and tells Romeo he is a good pilgrim. This shows how Juliet is attracted to Romeo, and also that she is comfortable in Romeos presence. Moving on from this point, Romeo leads the first kiss, and Juliet drops a clever comment for Romeo to realise she would like to kiss again. After the second kiss Juliet tells Romeo, You kiss by thbook. This insinuates that Juliet enjoyed the kiss, and it was an experience for her which was out of this world. For this reason, the audience can be sure of what Juliet thinks of Romeo. During the Party Scene of Baz Luhrmans film production of Romeo and Juliet, lighting effects, camera angles and music all work together to create the atmosphere needed for the scene to be effective. One point of the scene which particularly caught my eye was when Romeo and Juliet first see each other through the fish tank. In the build up to this point the general mood of the party settles and the theme music of Kissing You by Desree begins to play. The music continues through the whole party scene, making Romeo and Juliets first encounter seem unreal for each of them. An instrumental version of the music is played during the scene in which the tempo is increased to signal the happiest part of the scene. Romeo and Juliet are on either sides of the fish tank during the scene, which creates a physical barrier between them. Before knowing that Juliet is on the other side, Romeo observes the fish tank for some time, admiring the fish. The fish are of an exotic nature, and are mostly blue. This colour symbolism suggests the part of the scene to be calm and interrupted, so could be looked as a foreshadowing device. When the fish tank is in view of the camera, the lighting is bright, whilst everything else in the scene is dim. This shows the audience the spotlight of the scene. The lighting is even brighter when Romeo sees Juliet, as the whiteness of her eye takes up much of the camera. Once Romeo and Juliet begin looking at each other, the camera alternates from the angles in which Romeo and Juliet are looking through. Whilst this change of camera angles is in process, the director has wanted Romeo and Juliet to seem clean and pure. A suggestion on how the director has achieved could be th at Juliet has yet to join the party, and Romeo has just washed his face with water. Throughout this part of the scene, Romeo and Juliet have not yet spoken to each other. Instead, the camera acts as the narrator and revolves around the fish tank, concentrating on Romeo and Juliet and is the word and mouth of the scene. The symbol of water is used throughout the film, especially during the fish tank scene, when Romeo was first introduced, and when Juliet was in the bath. Also, after the fight scene Romeo was smoking on the beach. This constant use of water with Romeo and Juliet indicates that Baz Luhrman thought of Romeo and Juliet as being innocent, kind, and pure lovers who did not deserve to die. Baz Luhrman retains much of the original Shakespearean language but he has adapted the script for film. Noticeable changes include the order of events. In the original script Romeos soliloquy in which he notes Juliet takes place first, followed by Tybalt talking to Lord Capulet. However, in Baz Luhrmans production, Romeo and Juliet meet first as they look through the fish tank (with no speech), then Tybalt talks to Lord Capulet, and lastly Romeo speaks his soliloquy. This reshuffle of events has happened because the audience can rely on the camera to show us the events rather than the characters speaking. This is particularly effective as camera angles are used to bring more attention to Romeo and Juliet, making the scene more romantic. An event which Baz Luhrman preserves in his production is the shared sonnet between Romeo and Juliet. Luhrman has done this because the shared sonnet is an iconic moment in Romeo and Juliet, and it would be mystifying to the audience to not see this event. The advantage of keeping the shared sonnet is that it adds to the passionate context of the scene between Romeo and Juliet. During the shared sonnet, the camera focuses on Romeo and Juliets faces, and in consequence exaggerates their emotions. The costume selection for the characters in Baz Luhrmans production of Romeo and Juliet provides helpful foreshadowing devices which help the audience to have a better understanding of the roles assigned to various characters. A costume which in particular was effective in the party scene was Tybalts dressed as The Devil. The idea of him being a devil gives the message that bad things are to come, and this prediction becomes more believable when we see Tybalts servants dressed as skeletons. There are three people wearing evil-like costumes, which could suggest that three main characters are going to take part in the fight which happens after the party. Both Romeo and Juliet share effective costumes also, Romeo as the knight in shining armour, and Juliet as a white angel. Together, these costumes convey the idea of innocence and purity for Juliet through the white colour symbolism of her angelic costume, and that Romeo was trying to save Juliet from the terrible fate which awaited he r towards the end of the play. Romeos costume of a knight in shining armour is a stereotypical image used as a foreshadowing device to tell the audience that it is his duty to save Juliet from their familys trifling. Love is a strong word, and you could argue that it had a different meaning to todays meaning of love, which could be a reason for Romeo and Juliets sudden love for each other. In a modern play, their love story would be unreal because there was no build up to their love. Despite this, Shakespeare used foreshadowing devices, and presented speech in an effective way using blank verse, iambic pentameter and the highly structured form of the sonnet. Shakespeares love story revolves around love at first sight, in which Romeo and Juliet concentrated more on each others physical appearance rather than their personality. Though Shakespeares story of Romeo and Juliet may be considered unrealistic in todays society, I believe it to be the greatest love story ever told because it was one of the first which gave the lovers involved deep feelings for each other which the audience could share.

Improving Resource Allocation for Data Center Overbooking

Improving Resource Allocation for Data Center Overbooking M.Ponmani Bharathi, C.Sindhuja, S.Vaishnavi, Ms.A.Judith Arockia Gladies Abstract Overbooking becomes feasible because user applications tend to overestimate their resources and requirements, that tends to utilize only a fraction of the allocated resources. Overbooking has to be carefully planned in order not to impact application performance. Resource utilization and Data centres utilization can be used in this overbooking scheduler. Data send can send from sources to destination via node. Resource utilization and allocated capacity can be increased by 50% with acceptable performance degradation. Fuzzy logic functions are used to check each overbooking decisions and estimate it. Changing the acceptable level of risk is depending on the current status of the cloud data centres. The suggested approach is extensively evaluated using a combination of simulations and experiments executing real cloud applications with real-life available workloads. Our results show a 50% increment at both resource utilization and capacity allocated with acceptable performance degradati on and more stable resource utilization over time. Keywords: Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Mitigation algorithm, Greedy algorithm 1. Introduction Authors Data set for overbooking levels. It is collections of some Services and work loading data. The data that represents the collection of fields that will be returned when the data set query runs on the data source. Dataset fields represent the data from a data connection. A field can represent either numeric or non-numeric data. Main features provided by cloud is elasticity, allows users to dynamically adjust resources allocations depending on their current needs. The objective is to make an efficient use of available resources, overestimating the required capacity results in poor resource utilization. Factors contributing to lower the Data Centre Utilization: cloud provides predefined VM Sizes, which have fixed amount of CPU, memory Disk Etc. A set of distributed PID controllers are implemented to avoid performance degradation and to increase and keep the utilization evenly distributed among the servers. Overbooking addresses the utilization problems that cloud data centres face due to the elastic nature of cloud services. Overbooking has to be carefully planned in order not to impact application performance. It present an overbooking framework that performs admission control decisions based on fuzzy logic risk assessments of each incoming service deployment request. If delay beyond slack on critical path is initiated, then the completion time of the project may get delayed. Resource levelling is a method for smoothing a schedule that attempts to minimize the fluctuations in requirements for resources when the project completion time is fixed. Users are usually bad at estimating the requirements of their applications. This low resource utilization is a big concern for cloud data centred providers as data centres consume l ot of energy and are being used in a rather inefficient way. Energy consumption does not decrease linearly with resource usage. One way cloud providers can mitigate these resource utilization problems is by overbooking. The overbooking techniques always expose the infrastructure to a risk of resource congestion upon unexpected situations and consequently to SLA violations. This leads to: Overestimating the required capacity results in poor resource utilization. Lower income from consumers. The contrary, underestimating may lead to performance degradation and/or crashes. Overbooking is to address the utilization problems that cloud data centres face due to the elastic nature of cloud services. Overbooking has to be carefully planned in order not to impact application performance. It present an overbooking framework that performs admission control decisions based on fuzzy logic risk assessments of each incoming service deployment request. A set of distributed PID controllers are implemented to avoid performance degradation and to increase and keep the utilization evenly distributed among the servers. Overbooking within cloud data centres to increase resource utilization in a safe and balanced way. The cloud paradigm also introduces new obstacles for efficient resource management. The very large scale and multi-tenant nature of cloud infrastructures offers great potential for efficient multiplexing of different services. Our initial work on this problem include scheduling for better server utilization and admission control for capacity planning, getting an initial understanding of the overbooking problem and the risk evaluation, respectively. Cloud applications do not use the same amount of hardware resources all the time. This low resource utilization is a big concern for cloud data centred providers as data centres consume lot of energy and are being used in a rather inefficient way. One way cloud providers can mitigate these resource utilization problems is by overbooking. Figure 1 Overbooking Fuzzy Risk Assessment 2. Mitigation Algorithm for Reducing Service Level Mitigation method is used to avoid sun expected misbehaviors, such as reducing the service level of some services to avoid performance degradation. This Algorithm is used to collocate, reducing the performance degradation when overbooking. This algorithm also clear traffics for data center overbooking utilization. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is a generic control loop feedback mechanism. PID calculates the differences between the measured and desired set points attempts to minimize it by reading the control input.PID involves three parameter, Present error(P), Accumulated error(I), Prediction of error may occur (D). 1. Data Collection Dataset for overbooking levels is a collection of some Services and work loading data. The data that representing the collection of fields that will return when the dataset queries runs on the data source. Dataset fields represent the data from a data connection. A field can represent either numeric or non-numeric data. 2. Overbooking Overbooking is techniques used as a solution to poor resource utilization in cloud data centres. Overbooking is mainly used to handle the data centred resource utilization problems and overbooking. An implemented an autonomic overbooking framework. An autonomic framework that provides better application performance, avoiding over passing total capacity at any of the dimensions will be provided. 3. Resources Utilizations It determines the shortest project schedule with the limited resources available. 4. Schedule with collocation It presents a greedy approach that perform traffic-aware VM placement to increase the rate of accepted requests. It avoid repeating poor performance and to increase the chances of good collocations. VMs are suitable to be collocated for improved utilization and stable performance. 5. Prediction method The prediction step calculates a rough approximation of the desired quantity. The corrector step refines the initial approximation using another means. Overbooking system as well as admission control techniques when dealing with elastic services need insight in future resource usage. Service requirements to avoid performance degradation due to overloaded physical resources. 3. Distribution of PID Controller PID controlled this fact motivates the use of feedback to adjust the level of risk that the overbooking system is willing to face over time. We also evaluate the distributed controller approach when the data centre size is reduced to 128 cores. Furthermore, choosing an acceptable risk threshold has an impact on data centred utilization and performance. High thresholds result in higher utilization but the expense of exposing the system to performance degradation, whilst using lower values leads to lower but safer resource utilization. When overbooking CPU and I/O capacity, and a more realistic approach for the memory. The rationale for this is that problems resulting from CPU or I/O congestion are less critical than the ones coming from running out of memory. Therefore, the different risk degrees presented can be combined according to the situation, considered capacity dimensions, knowledge about the incoming service, etc. The risk assessment module gets no feedback about the current status and behaviour of the system, the current workload mixture, the data centre size, etc. In order to address this issue, we propose here a control theory approach that dynamically (re)adjusts risk thresholds depending on the system behaviour and the desired utilization n levels, allowing the admission control to learn over time depending on current system behaviour. PID Controller works properly if the performance is measured at the data centre level, obtaining a smooth utilization fluctuations (close enough to the target one) for each congested capacity dimension. However, the utilization of each server may vary from the accumulated utilization – even after applying load balancing techniques. This effect cannot be totally avoided as load imbalance is also caused by the current workload characteristics. To reduce load imbalance we propose a distributed controller approach where each physical server has its own PID controllers, one for each capacity dimension. 4. Related Techniques Mathematical models for SaaS providers to satisfy customers by leasing Cloud resources from multiple IaaS providers. It proposes three innovative admission control and scheduling algorithms for profit maximization by minimizing cost and maximizing customer satisfaction level. It demonstrates effectiveness of the proposed models and algorithms through an extended evaluation study by varying customer and provider side parameters to analyze which solution suits best in which scenario to maximize SaaS providers profit using actual IaaS data from Amazon and Go Grid. An extensive evaluation to study and analyze which solution suits best in which scenario to maximize SaaS provider’s profit. In-house hosting can increase administration and maintenance costs whereas renting from an IaaS provider can impact the service quality due to its variable performance. Dynamic consolidation of virtual machines (VMs) is an effective way to improve the utilization of resources and energy efficiency in cloud data centres. The problem of host overload detection by maximizing the mean inter migration time under the specified QoS goal based on a Markov chain model. Through simulations with workload traces from more than a thousand Planet Lab VMs, we show that our approach outperforms the best benchmark algorithm and provides approximately 88 percent of the performance of the optimal offline algorithm. The data center efficiency is been improved and more enterprises are been to consolidate the existing system. All system resources and centralizing resource management allow increasing overall utilization and lowering management costs. Server consolidation has emerged as a promising technique to reduce the data centre energy cost. We also present a distinguished analysis of an enterprise server workload from the perspective of consolidation and finding characteristics for it. Then observing a significant inherent for power savings if consolidation is performed using off-peak values for application demand. An implementation of the methodologies in a consolidation planning tool and provide a comprehensive evaluation study of the proposed methodologies. The size applications by an off-peak metric and place correlated applications together; there is a high risk of SLA capacity violation. If consolidation is performed by reserving the maximum utilization for each application, the application may require capacity equal to the size of its current entitlements. As per the size of the cloud increases, the anticipation that all workloads paralyze scale up to their maximum demands. In this observation multiplexing is allowed to access cloud resources among multiple workloads, resource information have been improved. Hosting virtualized loads such that available physical capacity is smaller than the sum of maximal demands of the workloads is referred to as over-commit or over-subscription. It computationally and storage efficiently, while maintaining sufficient accuracy. It is simple method of estimating total effective nominal demand of a cloud and uses it for capacity sizing and placement reservation plan that is compliant with SLA. 5. Conclusion Overbooking has to be carefully planned in order not to impact application performance. A set of distributed PID controllers are implemented to avoid performance degradation and to increase and keep the utilization evenly distributed among the servers. Feedback control is used to adapt the level of overbooking (risk threshold) that the cloud data centre has tolerating capacity. The utilization technique of data centre is not only increased in overall but also harmonized across hardware capacity dimensions and servers. A set of distributed PID controllers are implemented to avoid performance degradation and to increase and keep the utilization evenly distributed among the servers. References [1] A. Ali-Eldin, J. Tordsson, and E. Elmroth, â€Å"An adaptive hybrid elasticity controller for cloud infrastructures,† in Proc. of Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), 2012, pp. 204–212. [2] A. Sulistio, K. H. Kim, and R. Buyya, â€Å"Managing cancellations and no-shows of reservations with overbooking to increase resource revenue,† in Proc. of Intl. Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid), 2008, pp. 267–276. [3] X. Meng, C. Isci, J. Kephart, L. Zhang, E. Bouillet, and D. Pendarakis,â€Å"Efficient resource provisioning in compute clouds via VM multiplexing,† in Proc. Intl. Conference of Autonomic Computing (ICAC), 2010, pp. 11–20. [4] Y. C. Lee and A. Y. Zomaya, â€Å"Energy efficient utilization of resources in cloud computing systems,† The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 268–280, 2012. [5] L. A. Barroso and U. Holzle, â€Å"The case for energy-proportional computing,† Computer, vol. 40, no. 12 pp. 33–37, 2007. [6] C. Mastroianni, M. Meo, and G. Papuzzo, â€Å"Probabilistic consolidationof virtual machines in self-organizing cloud data centers,† IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 215–228, 2013. [7] T. Wo, Q. Sun, B. Li, and C. Hu, â€Å"Overbooking-based resource allocation in virtualized data center,† in Proc of 15th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing Workshops (ISORCW), 2012, pp. 142–149. [8] L. Larsson, D. Henriksson, and E. Elmroth, â€Å"Scheduling and monitoring of internally structured services in cloud federations,† in Proc. of IEEE Intl. Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2011, pp. 173–178. [9] D. Breitgand, Z. Dubitzky, A. Epstein, O. Feder, A. Glikson, I. Shapira, and G. Toffetti, â€Å"Pulsar: An adaptive utilization accelerator for iaas clouds,† in IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 2014. [10] M. Dobber, R. van der Mei, and G. Koole, â€Å"A prediction method for job runtimes on shared processors: Survey, statistical analysis and new avenues,† Performance Evaluation, vol. 64, no. 7-8, pp. 755–781, 2007. M. Ponmani Bharathi, currently studying B.E. computer science and engineering in ultra college of Engineering and Technology for women at Madurai C sindhuja, currently studying B.E. computer science and engineering in ultra college of Engineering and Technology for women at Madurai S.vaishnavi, currently studying B.E. computer science and engineering in ultra college of Engineering and Technology for women at Madurai Ms.A.Judith Arockia Gladies received her bachelor’s degree (B.Tech-Bachelor of Information Technology) from Raja College of engineering and Technology, Madurai, and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai, and then did her Master Degree in computer science and engineering from Raja College Of Engg and Tech, Madurai. She is currently working as an Asst Prof in Ultra College of Engg Tech for Women, Madurai.

networks :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An openwork fabric or structure in which cords, threads, or wires cross at regular intervals. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Something resembling an openwork fabric or structure in form or concept, especially: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A system of lines or channels that cross or interconnect: a network of railroads. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A complex, interconnected group or system: an espionage network. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An extended group of people with similar interests or concerns who interact and remain in informal contact for mutual assistance or support. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A chain of radio or television broadcasting stations linked by wire or microwave relay. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company that produces the programs for these stations. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A group or system of electric components and connecting circuitry designed to function in a specific manner. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computer Science. A system of computers interconnected by telephone wires or other means in order to share information. Also called net1. v. net ·worked, net ·work ·ing, net ·works v. tr. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To cover with or as if with an openwork fabric or structure. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To broadcast over a radio or television network. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computer Science. To connect (computers) into a network. v. intr. To interact or engage in informal communication with others for mutual assistance or support. sorry, but i forgot the website i got this from. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An openwork fabric or structure in which cords, threads, or wires cross at regular intervals. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Something resembling an openwork fabric or structure in form or concept, especially: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A system of lines or channels that cross or interconnect: a network of railroads. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A complex, interconnected group or system: an espionage network. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An extended group of people with similar interests or concerns who interact and remain in informal contact for mutual assistance or support. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A chain of radio or television broadcasting stations linked by wire or microwave relay. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company that produces the programs for these stations. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A group or system of electric components and connecting circuitry designed to function in a specific manner.

A Soldier :: essays research papers

As I sat and thought about what would catch and hold a reader by the nose, an old picture on the wall distracted me. It's not much of a picture, just a group of guys at work in a rather desolate place. This picture has rather special meaning to me, and carries with it a whole assortment of memories. The unknown is always worse then the known. Don't listen to rumors or try to imagine what it's like here. This is a modern sophisticated, highly technical, well-planned war. One I am sure I will return safely from. This war is not what is seen on television or talked about sitting at your favorite watering hole. This is a war that must be fought here and now, not based on past victories or failures. This truly is a war unlike any ever fought, yet a fight the world cannot turn away or hide from. We are here to insure the right of people to live in peace without fear of a more belligerent nation stripping the thin veneer of civilization away from them. A veneer that has been carefully nurtured for thousands of years to protect us from our more primitive instincts and ourselves. The rights and freedoms of innocent people have been infringed upon and the world..no, I cannot turn my head and walk away. Yes, my chosen profession is that of a soldier. A soldier by definition trains to be proficient in war and in the ability to cause destruction in the most efficient way possible. Perhaps this is why the soldier is also the one who most hates war and fighting. It is he who must carry the burden, endure the hardships, the pain, and the anguish of being the bringer of destruction. This same soldier who after months of living in a hostile environment, surviving the manmade hell of a modern battlefield can often be seen giving food or perhaps his last bit of hoarded chocolate to a small child. A child that has also survived the horror of war. Yet, I go forward in the morning with a light heart. Knowing that what I feel is shared by thousands of other soldiers. These same soldiers that I may be asked to kill in a matter of a few days. For part of a soldier is the bond or link that exists between themselves. For these professionals know each other by sight.

Marketing :: essays research papers

American companies take many things into consideration when marketing products in other countries. The article â€Å"Tough Cookies† by Oliver Libaw, and the article â€Å"Not so fast† by Jean-Marc Lehu discuss marketing American Products in other countries. â€Å"Tough Cookies† discussed Nabisco and their success of selling Oreos and Chips Ahoy in Mexico. â€Å"Not so fast† discussed the triumph of the store Crazy George, which is like American Rent-A-Center, in the United Kingdom and their failure in France. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was established in 1994, made it possible for Nabisco to sell their products in Mexico. NAFTA produced almost free trade between the United States and Mexico. The European Union (EU) did basically the same thing as NAFTA in Europe. EU produced many marketing advantages because it made it possible not to have to market items by one nation at a time. NAFTA and EU make marketing products in other countries easier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nabisco took a big chance by marketing their cookies in Mexico. Nabisco succeeded in establishing their products even though Mexico was in a recession. The company realized that there was an open opportunity for their products. In Mexico there was not a cookie exactly like theirs. Oreo and Chips Ahoy are the best selling cookies in the United States so they thought that the products might do the same in Mexico. They did not have an expansive advertising campaign. Instead they relied on in-store promotions. On reason for their success is that they have a strong distribution and name recognition. Many people did not think that the product would sell, even though they have great presence. There are two main events that might have helped Nabisco. One event is that snack foods are cheaper, so instead of eating more expensive, healthy foods, people switched to a substitute. Another event is that the people who were buying the cookies are the wealthier individuals, which price would not effect them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is research that proved to Nabisco that they would be successful in Mexico. There are generalizations that have been discovered for many cultures, each culture respond to products and marketing differently. Hispanic culture as a whole are very name brand oriented, they especially American products. They are willing to pay a little extra for quality that goes along with a name of a product. This would make sense for the success of Nabisco. Their cookies are slightly more expensive then other cookies but they were still successful in the Mexican market. Nabisco also did not spend much on advertising, they relied on word of mouth to get their name around. The buying pattern of the Hispanic culture suggests that they listen

Debeers Case Analysis

For more than a century, the powerful DeBeers Consolidated Mines, a South African corporation controlled by the Rothschild Bank in London, has managed to organize the cartel, restricting the supply of diamonds on the market and raising the price far above what would have been market levels How could DeBeers maintain such a flourishing, century-long cartel on the free market? The market has not been really free. In particular, in South Africa, the major center of world diamond production, there has been no free enterprise in diamond mining. The government long ago nationalized all diamond mines, and anyone who finds a diamond mine on his property discovers that the mine immediately becomes government property. The South African government then licenses mine operators who lease the mines from the government and, it so happened, that lo and behold! , the only licensees turned out to be either DeBeers itself or other firms who were willing to play ball with the DeBeers cartel. In short: the international diamond cartel was only maintained and has only prospered because it was enforced by the South African government. he very structure of the cartel is at stake, with the problem centering on the African country of Angola. First, even though the Angolan civil war is over, the results have left the government powerless to control most of the country. Secondly, the end of the war has given independent wildcatters access to the Cuango River in northern Angola, a territory rich in diamonds. And thirdly, the African drought has d ried up the Cuango along with other rivers, leaving the rich alluvial diamond deposits in the beds and on the banks of the Cuango accessible to the eager prospectors. With the diamond deposits available and free of war, and the central government unable to enforce the cartel, 50,000 prospectors have happily poured into the Cuango Valley of Angola. For most of the 20th century, De Beers sold 85% to 90% of the diamonds mined worldwide. With this monopoly, it could artificially keep diamond prices stable by matching its supply to world demand. The De Beers legacy was more than 100 years old. In 1888, Cecil Rhodes successfully consolidated South Africa's diamond mines, laying the foundation for De Beers. He formed a cartel with the ten largest merchants. Each was guaranteed a certain percentage of the diamonds coming out of De Beers' mines. In return, they provided Rhodes with market data, enabling him to ensure a steady, controlled supply it both controls supply and influences demand, combining the roles of major distributor, marketing agency and buffer-stock manager. It has developed an expertise in matching supply to demand and the financial strength to hold diamonds temporarily off the market. A monopoly on marketing

Facebook Case Analysis

Case information Facebook Introduction Recently, the companionable networking offices ar getting much to a greater extent commonplace on the internet. They argon playing a lively role in the way that individuals sack up easily take a crap their bear online visibilitys, create their identities and help communicate with each oppo pose. Literally, on that point ar many loving networking come ins cosmopolitan however, Facebook is the most hale-known one since the crook of its visitors is signifi ba restorely change magnitude.Historically, Facebook was founded almost nine eld ago by three undergraduate students of Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg and his two colleges, where it was firstly utilize by the members who down only . edu netmail addresses. A month later since Facebook had been launched it was dissemination very fast where it was intentd by the majority of Harvard students, whence the number of Facebook users annex rapidly after Zuckerberg had left Harvard and depart to California in order to denounce the situate expanded much and to a greater extent (Valenzuela, Park, Kee, 2008). The majority of the individuals who are surfing the internet, pass by lots of time on Facebook.They are able to visit their own profiles as well as they bottom however work profiles of newborn(prenominal) people and parcel out interests like photos, bets and information (Mikolaj et al. , 2011), (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). In this paper, thither are a number of questions interesting the Facebook and willing be answered. Question 1 why do people use Facebook, and what do they do when they are on the settle? What are the implications of this behaviour for individuals, organizations and for Facebook? Facebook is one of the complaisant networking sites, which has become the most popular site globally (Lipsman, 2011).The number of individuals who registered in Facebook site reached a billion intimately quatern months ago (Mikolaj et al. , 2011). Genera lly, individuals are doing a course of activities utilise Facebook platform on the internet. pile have a great prospect to create their own public profiles, in which their old and recent information privy be browsed, where Facebook users are able to bring out their personal information on their own profiles like label, living places, interests, sketch programs, assemble details, photos and pictures as well as the early(a) favoured sites (Hargittai, 2010). In addition, Facebook nables the individuals to communicate and connect with removed(p) friends, colleagues and strangers, showing and sharing their lists of connections as well as extend and strengthen their relationships and friendships, accumulate each incompatible and sharing their interests, and they can even share the media content (Griffiths & Kuss, 2011). people can also shop online utilise Facebook seek shopping rascals, seeking for groups or members, and browse peoples walls (Mikolaj et al. , 2011). More over, Facebook users are able to play lax social games such as Zynga, which in daily round would help them connect with the some another(prenominal) communities.According to Piskoriski (2011), thither was a survey done by Information Solution Group present that more than 30 percept of Zynga game players pointed out that the games enab guide them to connect with family and present friends whereas other triplet admitted that playing games on Facebook do them connect with old friends and one third used them in order to rush new friends. Additionally, concerning the effect of Facebook on organisations, organisations are exploitation Facebook platform to make their names much more well-known which in enchantment leads to increase their sales and simoleons (Mikolaj et al. 2011). Actually, thither are two main factors that have made Facebook the most popular social site internationally Firstly, the emergency to belong, secondly, the need to view limitation. All those factors could be influenced by several variables such as demographic and personal attributes, and social and heathen background (Ashwini & Stefan, 2012). In contrast, using Facebook could be leading to the interdict consequences. In other words, the change magnitude hours people spend online, whitethorn be indicative of potential dependence particularly for students (Griffiths & Kuss, 2011).Grabmeier (2010) claimed that there is a steady link among using Facebook and dispirited grades achievement at universities. This is correlates with the recent study showed that Facebook users had lower grade academic surgical process and spent less time perusal than students who did not use this social networking sites (Griffiths & Kuss 2011, 10). Furthermore, Griffiths and Kuss (2011) claimed that anecdotal case study evidence describe that some Facebook addicts are more apt(predicate) to have potential mental health problems.Moreover Accessibility of the others privacies using Facebook cou ld also be considered as one of the negative impacts of using Facebook. Question 2 How can organizations leverage Facebook for moneymaking(prenominal) message-grade purposes? How effective are social club scalawags on Facebook? Facebook platform is playing a crucial role in commercial purposes, particularly for companies. They are able to create free profile summon in order to post information about their products and receive comments about them, as a payoff, Facebook magnate invest more in order to enhance advertising products (Mikolaj et al. , 2011).Additionally, kick upstairs investment in this social site assist the firms improve their own finishs, permit the Facebook users engaged in some social events that they might be interested in and consequently the relationship between the firms and their fans would be strengthened (Mikolaj et al. , 2011), (Piskoriski, 2011). Facebook also made new business pages which permitted businesses, brands, products, artists, and publ ic figures to build free custom Facebook pages and attract Facebook users to like them so that users would then see status updates, pictures and videos which affix by the organisation on their page (Mikolaj et al. 2011). This can create an effective dialog between the firms and their fans. Companies can also advertize their pages on Facebook to be liked by users. New advertising products were improved using Facebook which in turn leveraged its users in basis of social relationships (Mikolaj et al. , 2011), (Piskoriski, 2011). To illustrate, friends of a certain union would see ads about that company on a regular basis (Mikolaj et al. , 2011). As a result, Facebook has achieved massive fiscal benefits from those developers and finishings.Question 3 Regarding the Facebook platform, what role does it play for both individuals and organizations? Facebook has some approaches that make it different from other social sites. For example, Facebook users are able to browse each others p rofiles as long as the profiles owners allowed that (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). Moreover, Facebook permitted users to add applications in order to enhance their profile and they were set up by Facebook developers (Mikolaj et al. , 2011).One of these applications is games, where more than 40 % of Facebook users had been attracted to play games by 2011. A course of instruction after Facebook extended its API to comprise other actions, such as listening to melody or reading an article and might be also shared with other users (Mikolaj et al. , 2011). Facebook platform also play a significant role in increasing the profitability of the firms. The immense increase in the number of the Facebook users has made it much more attractive to the traditional companies (Piskoriski, 2011).Firms started to create application platforms and look for new customers and engaging the alive ones on Facebook site by advertising and offering new special prices and post them on their own profile page (Piskori ski, 2011). As a result, the number of visitors to that profile page of that firms would be increasing which led to a substantial increase in the number of users who are interested in the their applications and brands. Individuals can also see other brands using advertisements for those brands on Facebook. Then the firms incomes would be increasing dramatically. Question 4Finally, surveil the final paragraph on page 14. How would you respond to these questions? What should Facebook concentrate on? Recently, there has been a huge collaboration between firms and Facebook platform in damage of commercial aspects. In fact, offering free profile pages on Facebook has made it much more attractive and valuable to many companies. Firms have been able to utilize this feature by doing businesses with Facebook through which they capable to advertise their brands and products on Facebook users profiles so that companies can increase their revenues (Mikolaj et al. , 2011).In addition, Facebook application developers have great opportunities to create redundant applications, and update and enhance the old ones ground on users interests due the massive increasing in the number of Facebook visitors who have different desires and needs (Egele et al. , 2012). at that placefore, Facebook plays an essential role in products dispersal and increasing sales and then profits of the firms as a result of advertising and applications. Facebook should be focusing on deploying much more effort in order to support its businesses with organisations based on the interests of the users.Development its tools is another factor that can increase its attraction to the investors and then increase profits. There is also an important issue that Facebook should concern about which is privacy in terms of data hankering. Facebook should be aware of memory its users privacies secure. Otherwise, it will lose its admiration in terms of limiting the objectives for both individuals and companies (Fowle r & Geoffre, 2010). proof There is no social networking site as popular as Facebook. It can be used either for discourse between individuals worldwide or for commercial aspects.Facebook has several advantages in terms of beef up the social relationships as well as providing new marketing strategies which in turn leads to the increasing the growth of economy. Nevertheless, Facebook has some negative impacts such as students achievement and browsing the others privacies. In general, Facebook is experiencing massive challenges to keep and adduce its reputation. References Ashwini, Nadkarni, and Hofmann, Stefan G. Why do People use Facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 52, issue 3 (2012) 243-249.Egele, M. , Moser, A. , Kruegel, C. and Kirda, E. PoX Protecting Users from Malicious Facebook Applications. calculator conversations 35, no. 12 (2012) 1507-1515. www. scopus. com. Fowler, Geoffrey A. incorporate News Facebook Fights Privacy Concerns. Wall pass Journa l, Aug 21, 2010. http//search. proquest. com/docview/746178017? accountid=10382 Grabmeier, J. Study Finds Link Between Facebook Use, demoralize Grades In College. Research News (2010). http//researchnews. osu. edu/ inscription/facebookusers. htm Hargittai, E. , and Hsieh, Y.P. (2010). Predictors and Consequences of societal mesh topology Site Usage. Information, Communication and Society, 13, 515536. Lipsman, A. The Network Effect Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter and Tumblr overtake New Heights in May. (2011, June 15). http//blog. comscore. com/2011/06/facebook_linkedin_twitter_tumblr. hypertext markup language Mikolaj J. , Thomas R. , David C. and Brian F. Facebook. Harvard Business School Publishing. (2011). Patrick forefront Eecke and Maarten Truyens, Privacy and kind Networks. Computer legality & amp Security Review, vol. 6, issue 5, 535-546. http//www. wisdomdirect. com/science/article/pii/S0267364910001093) Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, F. K. (2008). Lessons from Facebook Th e Effects of Social Network Sites on College Students Social Capital. http//online. journalism. utexas. edu/2008/papers/Valenzuela. pdf * Boyd, D. M. , & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites Definition, history and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210230. * Online Social Networking and AddictionA Review of the psychological Literature